Athletic collar

ABSTRACT

A device includes a collar and at least one pad. The collar is configured for wearing by a user, the collar having a plurality of pad receptacles. The at least one pad is configured for coupling with a selected one of the plurality of pad receptacles, the pad having an elastic portion configured to limit movement of a user.

CLAIM OF PRIORITY

This patent application is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 13/357,304,filed Jan. 24, 2012 and entitled “ATHLETIC COLLAR,” which claims thebenefit of priority, under 35 U.S.C. Section 119(e), to U.S. ProvisionalPatent Application Ser. No. 61/435,427, entitled “ATHLETIC COLLAR ANDGARMENT,” filed on Jan. 24, 2011, all of which are hereby incorporatedby reference herein in their entirety.

BACKGROUND

A brachial plexus injury, or BPI, is a common injury in contact sports.It is reported to affect as many as 65% of collegiate football playersat some point in their career. The brachial plexus are nerves that leavethe cervical vertebrae and extend through the neck and upper shoulder toperipheral structures. The brachial plexus is a complex arrangement ofnerves that are found underneath the clavicle or collarbone and transmitmotor and sensory impulses to the brain. Acute trauma to this group ofnerves can elicit a painful burning or stinging sensation throughout theentire upper extremity, hence giving it the name “burner or stinger.”

OVERVIEW

An example of the present subject matter includes a protective neckcollar configured for use by an athlete, such as a football player, amotorcyclist, a rodeo event performer, or other contact sport athlete.

An example of the present subject matter can be effective in treating aBPI, sometimes known as a “burner” or a “stinger.” The pathology of aBPI includes a stretch or impingement to the nerves which make up thebrachial plexus and/or a traction or compression of a nerve root exitingthe cervical spine through the foramen between cervical vertebrae.

Some athletic neck collars severely limit head mobility. One example ofa collar restricts head movement and may impair the ability of the userto see in a forward direction.

Current technology for a football athlete includes a neck collar havinga structure that limits mobility of the head and neck. The collar isworn in a position that restricts movement beyond an excessive range ofmotion causing the BPI. Movement is restricted such that the eyes cannotbe raised and forward vision is severely limited. This configurationleads to a vulnerable head and neck position that can lead to moreserious injury.

An example of the present subject matter can protect an athlete whosehead and neck have been forced into a position from a blow causing aBPI. The present subject matter is configured to prevent excessivemotion in multiple directions. One example is adjustable and can beconfigured to prevent excessive motion of the head and neck anddecelerate the harmful force which causes the painful BPI. Since thehead and neck remain mobile, the athlete is able to maintain visibilitynecessary to play football. An example of the present subject matterreduces the risk of permanent damage or disability from repeated blowsduring contact. An example of the present subject matter providesprotection in various directions without complete restriction of thehead and neck.

One example is configured to reduce the occurrence and recurrence ofbrachial plexus injuries by limiting the excessive motions which causethe injury. One example is configured to limit movement and deceleratemotion which causes the injury, including extension and oblique motions,without restricting mobility of the head and neck. An example can betailored for use in sports such as hockey and competitive bull riding.

An example of the present subject matter is configured to protectathletes, in contact sports, from temporary and permanent injury to thecervical spine and upper extremity nerves. It is designed to limitmechanisms which cause excessive motion of the head and neck in multipledirections. One example includes a structure formed using a two-shotplastic mold. A plurality of bumpers can be positioned on the structureto limit, but not restrict, motion of the head and neck. A bumper caninclude an inflatable air bladder having dimensions of approximately 1¼inch by 3 inch section of soft material that can be individuallyinflated with air. A bumper is configured to decelerate the movement ofthe head and neck.

An example of the present subject matter is configured to attachdirectly to the body, thus allowing it to function independent ofshoulder pad movement. In one example, a garment is used to secure thedevice to the athlete. The garment can include a compression-type shirt.

The bumper can include an inflatable air bladder that is individuallyaffixed to the base of the collar. The bumper can be configured forpositioning in a cavity of the device. An inflatable bumper can includea receptacle to receive air, allowing inflation. In various examples,one, two, or three bumpers can be provided and inflated to a selectedpressure to limit or prevent motion of the neck in a particulardirection. An example of the present subject matter decelerates andlimits motion in the specific direction which causes the injury withoutrestricting head and neck movement. The air bladders can be inflated toa predetermined pressure, depending on the size of the neck or thedirection for which movement is to be limited.

An example of the present subject matter is configured to limit anddecelerate the motion of the head and neck following a blow and to allowunrestricted neck motion to the point that the head and neck are notlocked in an immovable position. One example provides shock absorption,better control of head motion, and without the fulcrum effect typicallycaused by a strike. One example is configured to prevent BPIs caused byhead and neck movement in a direction which can limit the use of upperextremity following repeated injury.

These examples can be combined in any permutation or combination. Thisoverview is intended to provide an overview of subject matter of thepresent patent application. It is not intended to provide an exclusiveor exhaustive explanation of the invention. The detailed description isincluded to provide further information about the present patentapplication.

This overview is intended to provide an overview of subject matter ofthe present patent application. It is not intended to provide anexclusive or exhaustive explanation of the invention. The detaileddescription is included to provide further information about the presentpatent application.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In the drawings, which are not necessarily drawn to scale, like numeralsmay describe similar components in different views. Like numerals havingdifferent letter suffixes may represent different instances of similarcomponents. The drawings illustrate generally, by way of example, butnot by way of limitation, various embodiments discussed in the presentdocument.

FIGS. 1A, 1B, and 1C illustrate mechanics of an injury.

FIG. 2 illustrates a view of a device according to one example.

FIG. 3 illustrates a section view of a device according to one example.

FIG. 4 illustrates a bumper according to one example.

FIGS. 5A, 5B, and 5C illustrate views of a device according to oneexample.

FIG. 6 illustrates a flow chart of a method according to one example.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Some signs or symptoms associated with BPI include pain in the neck andshoulder region, an intense “burning” sensation, paresthesia, ornumbness radiating from the shoulder and neck to the fingers, weaknessor heaviness in the extremity, diminished pulse or blood flow throughoutthe upper extremity, and diminished reflexes in upper extremity.

The BPIs sustained in contact sports are usually the result ofbiomechanical factors that lead to nerve traction or compression. Theonset of the injury is typically caused either by a stretching of thebrachial plexus itself (brachial plexus traction), contusion of thebrachial plexus itself (brachial plexus compression), cervical nerveroot traction, or cervical nerve root compression (impingement).Stretching of the brachial plexus or cervical nerve root occurs when thehead is forced laterally while the opposite shoulder is depressed, suchas when tackling in football.

FIG. 1A illustrates movement that can result in a BPI. This forceresults in traction on the nerves on the opposite side of where thelateral bending is occurring. FIG. 1A illustrates traction to thebrachial plexus from ipsilateral shoulder depression and contralaterallateral neck flexion. In FIG. 1A, opposite shoulder 8 is moved downwardand head 9 moves in a sideways direction.

Arrow 10 in FIG. 1B illustrates a direct blow to the supraclavicularfossa at Erb's point.

FIG. 1C illustrates compression of the cervical roots or brachial plexusfrom ipsilateral lateral flexion and hyperextension. A cervical rootcompression or brachial plexus compression occurs on the side of thebody toward where the neck is bent. When head 9 is pushed to the side,the nerve roots are compressed between the vertebrae or the brachialplexus between the clavicle and muscles directly underneath.

Repeated low-intensity traction of the brachial plexus results in lowblood-flow to the plexus and may cause permanent damage to the nerves.In most cases, the symptoms are usually temporary and last only a fewminutes, but can become recurrent and lead to permanent damage. Mostexperts agree that acute, isolated BPIs are common and pose nosignificant harm, however chronic and recurrent BPIs can lead to anevent causing permanent deficits in the future. These experts agree thatif play modification fails to resolve the symptoms, withdrawal from thesport may be necessary to prevent long-term damage.

A BPI tends to lead to chronic episodes of painful injury. One study ofcollege football players found that 87 percent of those who hadsustained a “burner or stinger” had a recurrence. Another study foundthat of 36 athletes with neck injuries causing time loss from sportsparticipation (most symptoms were consistent with burners), 15 (42percent) of those athletes experienced subsequent neck injuries.According to some, over 70% of the athletes who had reported that theyhad sustained a BPI did not report the injury to anyone. The risk ofpermanent nerve injury from recurrent burners has not yet beendetermined. In light of the high incidence of burners, this risk appearsto be low. However, burners can clearly lead to a chronic syndrome thatlimits athletic participation.

Not only are BPIs debilitating for the athletes in a physical sense,many times it becomes a costly endeavor for the family as well. Stingerswith prolonged neurological symptoms are a common reason for high schooland collegiate football players to be referred to emergency rooms andorthopaedic clinics for evaluation of the cervical spine.

FIG. 2 illustrates collar 100 according to one example. Collar, ordevice, 100 in this example includes an upper flange 160 spaced apartfrom shoulder flaps 140 by riser 170.

Upper flange 160 is configured to encircle a portion of a neck of auser. In the example shown, upper flange 160 encircles the sides andrear of the neck and is fitted with three bumpers 130.

Bumper 130 includes an inflated shock-absorbing unit that resists acompression load and distributes an impact force over the upper flange160. In the example shown, each bumper 130 includes a generallycylindrical, air pressurized element fitted into a correspondingreceptacle of upper flange 160.

Upper flange 160 is held in a position near the neck of the user byriser 170. Riser 170 partially encircles the neck and is contoured toretain the upper flange 160 in a relatively high position to the rear ofthe user and gradually taper to a lower position near the front of theuser. In one example, riser 170 is formed integral with upper flange160. Riser 170, like upper flange 160, is fabricated of a substantiallyrigid material and is configured to withstand impact forces associatedwith athletic activity.

In the example shown, riser 170 is coupled to a left-side shoulder flap140 and a right-side shoulder flap 140. Shoulder flap 140 is configuredto distribute compressive loads from riser 170 to the musculoskeletalframe of the user. Shoulder flap 140 provides a broad contact area andalso provides an anchor mechanism by which collar 100 can be affixed tothe user. Shoulder flap 140 can include a molded plastic flange that isintegral with riser 170.

Upper flange 160 includes an inside effective diameter 150 that providessufficient clearance to allow substantially normal movement of the neck.In particular, collar 100 allows the neck to bend in a forward directionwithout restriction. Head movement to either side or to the rear islimited by contact between the helmet (or the head) and bumpers 130affixed to upper flange 160 or upper flange 160 itself.

FIG. 3 illustrates a partial sectional view of collar 100. The figureillustrates two bumpers 130 coupled to upper flange 160. Upper flange160 is integral with riser 170 and includes inner structure 180 andouter structure, or overmold 190. The durometer of inner structure 180and outer structure 190 can be the same or different. In one example,inner structure 180 includes a hard plastic and outer structure 190includes a soft plastic or soft rubber.

Bumper 130 is fitted within a receptacle or cavity of an upper surfaceof upper flange 160 and is retained in position by post 135 and acorresponding aperture in upper flange 160.

Collar 100, in the examples shown, includes a molded plastic structure.A multi-shot molding operation can be used to fabricate collar 100. Forexample, collar 100 can include an inner structure fabricated of a rigidplastic and an overmolded soft rubber outer structure.

FIG. 4 illustrates a view of bumper 130 according to one example. In theexample shown, bumper 130 includes an elastic pad having posts 135A,135B, and 135C. Posts 135A, 135B, and 135C provide protuberances thatengage corresponding apertures in upper flange 160. Posts 135A, 135B,and 135C include a barbed feature to facilitate retention.

Bumper 130 can include a thin walled bladder having pressurized air,foam, gel, or other shock-absorbing material.

In the example shown, bumper 130 includes a filler port or septum 136.Septum 136 includes a self-closing material that allows insertion andretraction of an inflation needle and allows a user to selectivelypressurize the bladder with air. The user can select the resilience ofbumper 130 based on air inflation pressure selected.

In the example shown, bumper 130 includes a generally cylindricalbladder having a flatted surface. The flatted surface, in the regionaround posts 135A, 135B, and 135C, is configured to stabilize the bumperwithin a receptacle of the collar.

FIGS. 5A, 5B, and 5C illustrate views of a collar in conjunction withprotective helmet 200. FIG. 5A illustrates a view generally from thefront, FIG. 5B illustrates a view from the rear, and FIG. 5C illustratesa side view.

In FIG. 5A, bumper 130 is shown in upper flange 160. Freedom of movementof helmet 200 is limited by the clearance between the lower region ofhelmet 200 and bumper 130 or between the lower region of helmet 200 andupper flange 160. Lower flange 145 is coupled to upper flange 160 byriser 170 (not shown in this figure). Lower flange 145 is configured forplacement atop the shoulders of the user and, in the example shown,includes shoulder flap 140.

FIG. 5B illustrates a view of helmet 200 and bumpers 130. Lower flange145, as shown in the figure, includes a view of back pad 192. Back pad192, includes raised portion 195 flanked by contact surfaces 190.Contact surfaces 190 are configured to contact the back surface of theuser and raised portion 195 is configured to provide clearance for thespinal column of the user. When fitted to a user, a portion of adownward directed impact force applied to bumpers 130 is conveyed to theupper flange, to back pad 192, and to the back of the user via contactsurfaces 190. A substantial portion of an impact force is directed awayfrom the spinal column.

FIG. 5C illustrates a side view of helmet 200 and bumpers 130. In thefigure, bumpers 130 are positioned in upper flange 160 at a locationnear the lower regions of helmet 200.

Upper flange 160 is canted forward by riser 170. A rear portion of upperflange 160 is elevated relative to a forward portion of the upper flange160. Forward edge 143 of the collar gradually tapers downward to providea smooth transition to allow limited range of head motion in thesideways direction to a full range of motion in the forward direction.

As shown in the figure, bumper 130 is retained by apertures 132 in aportion of the upper flange 160. In addition, the figure illustratesback pad 192 descending from riser 170. Lower flange 145 includes backpad 192 and shoulder flaps 140. Edge 141 denotes a forward edge ofshoulder flap 140.

FIG. 6 illustrates method 600 for manufacturing a collar, according toone example. At 610, method 600 includes forming an elastic overmold ona rigid substrate. In one example, forming the overmold can includeimplementing an injection molding process using a hard plastic innerstructure. At 620, method 600 includes providing a plurality ofattachment features on the upper flange of the overmold. In one example,this includes providing apertures configured to receive a correspondingfeature of a bumper. The apertures can include blind holes or throughholes. In one example, the attachment features include a portion of ahook-and-loop fastener system and the corresponding feature of thebumper can include the other portion of the hook-and-loop system.

Additional Notes and Examples

An example of the present subject matter is directed to reduce ormitigate injury caused by a brachial plexus stretch, impingement orcervical nerve root traction or compression.

One example includes a mechanism configured to decelerate head and neckmotion in a user-specified direction. An example is configured to blockmotion at the extreme of the direction. An example includes a collarconfigured to attach to a player's body and not directly coupled to theshoulder pads, therefore, maintaining a more stable position during ablow or hit. In one example, the shoulder pads are free to move and thecollar will not move.

The shoulder flange can be held in position on the user by a tightfitting garment, strap, or harness. For example, a football player maywear the collar under the protective shoulder pads or under a tightfitting shirt.

One example of the present subject matter is configured to attach to theuser in a manner independent of shoulder pads or allow movementindependent of the shoulder pads.

One example of the present subject matter is configured to decelerateand limit the extreme motion in the direction the head and neck moveswhich causes the injury to the brachial plexus or cervical nerve rootwithout limiting mobility of the head and neck.

In one example, the inner structure can include a nylon or nylon-basedmaterial and the outer structure can include a rubber overmold.

The present subject matter can be configured to provide various levelsof protection. For example, the number and placement of the bumpers andinternal air pressure of the bumpers can be selected based on the natureof the play and the user choice. For example, a user may choose to weara collar having side bumpers installed with one bumper having a firstpressure and a second bumper having a second and different air pressure.

Various embodiments can include a collar having three elastic bumpers orpads. The bumpers can be selectively removed and installed by a user.For example, a user can opt to install a single bumper in a particularlocation, two bumpers in selected locations, or three bumpers in thelocations shown. A greater or lesser number of bumpers can be provided.

In one example, the collar includes an overmolded portion of rubber orplastic. The overmolded portion is configured to provide a cushionedsurface. Other methods of fabrication are also contemplated, includingrotary molding.

The upper flange is configured to provide a contoured surface forcontacting the helmet in order to protect the user. The lower flange,including shoulder flaps and back pad, can be configured to providesupport as needed. In addition, the lower flange can be tailored toprovide clearance and not impair player mobility. For example, theshoulder flaps can be trimmed or extended to provide good support andflexibility.

The bumpers can be configured as generally cylindrical bladders asshown. In other examples, the bumpers are cylindrical or sphericalshaped elements and can be attached by a hook-and-loop fastener (such asVelcro), adhesive, snaps, or other fastener (temporary or permanent).The bumpers are located on the upper flange and provide deceleration.

In one example, the lower region of the lower flange includes a surfaceconfigured to exert a substantial portion of a compressive force carriedby the riser to regions adjacent a spine of the user.

In one example, the collar has an open front region sized to pass arounda neck with sufficient clearance to allow head movement within apredetermined range and to prevent head movement beyond thepredetermined range. The collar can be fabricated of a unitary, seamlessmaterial and can be fabricated without a split, a hinge, or a joint.

Bumpers can be selected and positioned to provide clearance between thehelmet and the upper flange. The placement, number, and inflation levelof the bumpers can be adjusted to accommodate different head, helmet,and player sizes.

Example 1 can include a collar having an upper flange, a shoulderflange, and a riser. The upper flange is configured to encircle aportion of a neck of a user. The upper flange is configured to limitmovement of a helmet worn by the user in directions corresponding to theportion. The upper flange is configured to allow unrestricted movementof the helmet in a forward direction and has forward side segmentsdisposed on opposite sides and configured to provide graduallyincreasing restriction of sideways movement of the helmet. The upperflange includes a rear segment configured to restrict rearward movementof the helmet. The shoulder flange is configured to be secured to ashoulder of the user. The shoulder flange has a substantially rigidsurface configured to distribute a load to the shoulder and to an upperback region of the user. The riser is coupled to the upper flange andcoupled to the shoulder flange. The riser has a rigid structureconfigured to convey a compressive force applied to the upper flange tothe shoulder flange and is configured to hold the upper flange in aposition to allow extension of the neck to a position above a spine ofthe user and to prevent hyperextension of the neck.

Example 2 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subjectmatter of Example 1, to optionally include least one bumper coupled tothe upper flange.

Example 3 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subjectmatter of Example 2 to optionally include at least one bumper includingan inflatable bladder.

Example 4 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subjectmatter of one or any combination of Examples 2 or 3 to optionallyinclude wherein the at least one bumper is coupled to the upper flangeby a fastener.

Example 5 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subjectmatter of Example 4 to optionally include wherein the fastener includesa hook and loop fastener.

Example 6 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subjectmatter of Example 5 wherein the fastener includes a post and areceptacle.

Example 7 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subjectmatter of one or any combination of Examples 2-6 wherein the at leastone bumper includes a foam filled bladder.

Example 8 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subjectmatter of one or any combination of Examples 1-7 wherein the upperflange, lower flange, and riser are injection molded.

Example 9 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subjectmatter of one or any combination of Examples 1-8 wherein the upperflange, lower flange, and riser include a rigid core and an elasticovermold.

Example 10 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subjectmatter of one or any combination of Examples 1-9 wherein the shoulderflange includes a void configured to reduce loading on a spinal columnof the user.

Example 11 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subjectmatter of one or any combination of Examples 1-10 wherein the shoulderflange includes a forward edge configured for positioning atop theshoulders of the user.

Example 12 can include a method of manufacturing comprising forming andproviding. The method can include forming an elastic overmold on a rigidsubstrate. The rigid substrate can have a riser and the overmold canhave an upper flange and a shoulder flange. The upper flange can beconfigured to limit movement of a helmet worn by a user in directionscorresponding to the portion. The upper flange can be configured toallow unrestricted movement of the helmet in a forward direction andhaving forward side segments disposed on opposite sides and configuredto provide gradually increasing restriction of sideways movement of thehelmet, and having a rear segment configured to restrict rearwardmovement of the helmet. The shoulder flange can be configured to besecured to a shoulder of the user. The shoulder flange can have asubstantially rigid surface configured to distribute a load to theshoulder and to an upper back region of the user. The riser can becoupled to the upper flange and coupled to the shoulder flange. Theriser can have a rigid structure configured to convey a compressiveforce applied to the upper flange to the shoulder flange and configuredto hold the upper flange in a position to allow extension of the neck toa position above a spine of the user and to prevent hyperextension ofthe neck. The method can include providing a plurality of attachmentfeatures on the upper flange. The attachment features can be configuredto receive at least one elastic bumper. The elastic bumper can beconfigured to further limit movement of the helmet.

Example 13 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subjectmatter of Example 12, wherein forming includes injection molding.

Example 14 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subjectmatter of one or any combination of Examples 12 or 13 to optionallyinclude wherein providing the plurality of attachment features includesproviding receptacles, each receptacle having an aperture configured toreceive a corresponding post of a bumper.

Example 15 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subjectmatter of one or any combination of Examples 12 to 14 to optionallyinclude wherein forming the elastic overmold includes forming a softrubber layer.

Example 16 can include an apparatus including an upper flange, a riser,and a shoulder flange. The upper flange can be configured to partiallyencircle and limit movement of the neck of a user. The upper flange canhave a forward open region and angular side regions that graduallytransition to a high back region. The riser can be coupled to the upperflange. The riser can be configured to hold the upper flange inalignment with the neck. The shoulder flange can be configured todistribute a compressive force exerted on the upper flange to a shoulderof the user. The shoulder flange can be configured to attach to agarment of the user. The upper flange can be configured to precludehyperextensive movement of the neck.

Example 17 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subjectmatter of Example 16, to optionally include a plurality of elasticbumpers affixed to the upper flange.

Example 18 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subjectmatter of one or any combination of Examples 16 or 17, to optionallyinclude wherein at least one elastic bumper has a repositionablelocation.

Example 19 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subjectmatter of one or any combination of Examples 16 to 18, to optionallyinclude wherein the elastic bumper includes an inflatable bladder.

Example 20 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subjectmatter of one or any combination of Examples 16 to 19, to optionallyinclude wherein the upper flange, the riser, and the shoulder flange areinjection molded.

Each of these non-limiting examples can stand on its own, or can becombined in any permutation or combination with any one or more of theother examples.

The above detailed description includes references to the accompanyingdrawings, which form a part of the detailed description. The drawingsshow, by way of illustration, specific embodiments in which theinvention can be practiced. These embodiments are also referred toherein as “examples.” Such examples can include elements in addition tothose shown or described. However, the present inventors alsocontemplate examples in which only those elements shown or described areprovided. Moreover, the present inventors also contemplate examplesusing any combination or permutation of those elements shown ordescribed (or one or more aspects thereof), either with respect to aparticular example (or one or more aspects thereof), or with respect toother examples (or one or more aspects thereof) shown or describedherein.

In the event of inconsistent usages between this document and anydocuments so incorporated by reference, the usage in this documentcontrols.

In this document, the terms “a” or “an” are used, as is common in patentdocuments, to include one or more than one, independent of any otherinstances or usages of “at least one” or “one or more.” In thisdocument, the term “or” is used to refer to a nonexclusive or, such that“A or B” includes “A but not B,” “B but not A,” and “A and B,” unlessotherwise indicated. In this document, the terms “including” and “inwhich” are used as the plain-English equivalents of the respective terms“comprising” and “wherein.” Also, in the following claims, the terms“including” and “comprising” are open-ended, that is, a system, device,article, composition, formulation, or process that includes elements inaddition to those listed after such a term in a claim are still deemedto fall within the scope of that claim. Moreover, in the followingclaims, the terms “first,” “second,” and “third,” etc. are used merelyas labels, and are not intended to impose numerical requirements ontheir objects.

Method examples described herein can be machine or computer-implementedat least in part. Some examples can include a computer-readable mediumor machine-readable medium encoded with instructions operable toconfigure an electronic device to perform methods as described in theabove examples. An implementation of such methods can include code, suchas microcode, assembly language code, a higher-level language code, orthe like. Such code can include computer readable instructions forperforming various methods. The code may form portions of computerprogram products. Further, in an example, the code can be tangiblystored on one or more volatile, non-transitory, or non-volatile tangiblecomputer-readable media, such as during execution or at other times.Examples of these tangible computer-readable media can include, but arenot limited to, hard disks, removable magnetic disks, removable opticaldisks (e.g., compact disks and digital video disks), magnetic cassettes,memory cards or sticks, random access memories (RAMs), read onlymemories (ROMs), and the like.

The above description is intended to be illustrative, and notrestrictive. For example, the above-described examples (or one or moreaspects thereof) may be used in combination with each other. Otherembodiments can be used, such as by one of ordinary skill in the artupon reviewing the above description. The Abstract is provided to complywith 37 C.F.R. §1.72(b), to allow the reader to quickly ascertain thenature of the technical disclosure. It is submitted with theunderstanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scopeor meaning of the claims. Also, in the above Detailed Description,various features may be grouped together to streamline the disclosure.This should not be interpreted as intending that an unclaimed disclosedfeature is essential to any claim. Rather, inventive subject matter maylie in less than all features of a particular disclosed embodiment.Thus, the following claims are hereby incorporated into the DetailedDescription as examples or embodiments, with each claim standing on itsown as a separate embodiment, and it is contemplated that suchembodiments can be combined with each other in various combinations orpermutations. The scope of the invention should be determined withreference to the appended claims, along with the full scope ofequivalents to which such claims are entitled.

The claimed invention is:
 1. A collar comprising: an upper flangeconfigured to encircle a portion of a neck of a user and configured tolimit sideways movement, rearward movement, or any combination thereofof a helmet worn by the user, the upper flange configured to allowunrestricted forward movement of the helmet, wherein the upper flangeincludes: forward side segments disposed on opposite sides of the upperflange and configured to provide a gradually increasing restriction ofsideways movement of the helmet, and a rear segment configured toprovide a gradually increasing restriction of rearward movement of thehelmet; a lower flange coupled to the upper flange by a riser, the lowerflange configured to be placed atop the shoulders of the user, the lowerflange including: a back pad descending from the riser, the back padconfigured to contact an upper back region of the user; and a shoulderflap coupled to the back pad, the shoulder flap configured to provide acontact surface by which the shoulder flap is affixed to the user; theriser having a rigid structure configured to convey a compressive forceapplied to the upper flange to the lower flange and configured to holdthe upper flange in a position to allow sideways movement, rearwardmovement, or any combination thereof of the neck and to preventhyperextension and lateral hyperflexion of the neck, and wherein theriser is configured to partially encircle the neck; and at least onebumper independently affixed to the upper flange, wherein the at leastone bumper includes a portion extended from an aperture of an uppersurface of the upper flange to dampen the sideways movement, rearwardmovement, or any combination thereof of the helmet.
 2. The collar ofclaim 1 wherein the shoulder flap is configured to provide an anchormechanism by which the shoulder flap is affixed to the user.
 3. Thecollar of claim 1 wherein the lower flange is configured to attachdirectly to the user to allow lower flange movement independent of ashoulder pad.
 4. The collar of claim 1 wherein the at least one bumperis configured to contact the side of the helmet.
 5. The collar of claim1 wherein the at least one bumper includes an inflatable bladder.
 6. Thecollar of claim 1 wherein the at least one bumper includes a foam filledbladder.
 7. The collar of claim 1 wherein the at least one bumper iscoupled to the upper flange by a fastener.
 8. The collar of claim 7wherein the fastener includes a hook and loop fastener.
 9. The collarofclaim 7 wherein the fastener includes a post and a receptacle.
 10. Thecollar of claim 1 wherein the upper flange, lower flange, and riser areinjection molded.
 11. The collar of claim 1 wherein the upper flange,lower flange, and riser include a rigid core and an elastic overmold.12. The collar of claim 1 wherein the lower flange includes a forwardedge configured for positioning atop the shoulders of the user.
 13. Thecollar of claim 1 wherein the back pad is configured to reduce loadingon a spinal column of the user.
 14. A method of manufacturingcomprising: forming an elastic overmold on a rigid substrate, the rigidsubstrate having a riser and the overmold having an upper flange and alower flange, the upper flange configured to limit sideways movement,rearward movement, or any combination thereof of of a head of a user andto allow unrestricted forward movement of the head, the upper flangehaving forward side segments disposed on opposite sides of the upperflange and configured to provide gradually increasing restriction ofsideways movement of the head and having a rear segment configured torestrict rearward movement of the head, the lower flange having a backpad, the lower flange configured to be secured to a shoulder of theuser, the back pad having a substantially rigid contact surfaceconfigured to distribute a load to the shoulder and to an upper backregion of the user, the riser coupled to the upper flange and coupled tothe lower flange, the riser having a rigid structure configured toconvey a compressive force applied to the upper flange to the lowerflange and configured to hold the upper flange in a position to allowsideways movement, rearward movement, or any combination thereof of theneck and to prevent hyperextension and lateral hyperflexion of the neck;independently securing at least one bumper to the upper flange, whereinthe at least one bumper includes a portion extended from an aperture ofan upper surface of the upper flange to dampen the sideways movement,rearward movement, or any combination thereof of the helmet.
 15. Themethod of claim 14 wherein securing at least one elastic bumper includesengaging a plurality of receptacles, each receptacle comprises theaperture and is configured to receive a corresponding post of a bumper.16. An apparatus comprising: an upper flange configured to partiallyencircle and limit sideways, rearward, or any combination thereof ofmovement of the neck of a user to prevent hyperextension and lateralhyperflexion of the neck, the upper flange having a forward open regionand angular side regions that gradually transition to an upper backregion; a riser coupled to the upper flange; a lower flange coupled tothe upper flange by the riser, the lower flange having a back padconfigured to contact a back surface of the user and a shoulder flapcoupled to the back pad, the shoulder flap configured to provide acontact surface to affix the apparatus to the user, wherein the shoulderflap is configured to allow movement independent of a shoulder pad; andat least one bumper independently affixed to an aperture of the upperflange and selectively positionable at various locations on the upperflange, wherein the at least one bumper is configured to dampen thesideways movement, rearward movement, or any combination thereof of thehelmet.
 17. The apparatus of claim 16 further including at least oneelastic bumper affixed to the upper flange, and wherein the at least oneelastic bumper has a repositionable location.
 18. The collar of claim 1,wherein the at least one bumper is selectively positionable at variouslocations on the upper flange to provide protections from shock alignedwith a predetermined direction.
 19. The collar of claim 1, wherein theat least one bumper is positioned to provide clearance between thehelmet and the bumper.